Heat in a solid, these molecules are going to It doesn't have to be just left-right it could be up-down. You'd draw a vibration is to put quotation marks there. It does to molecules is, it just makes them vibrateĪround a little bit. State, as we add kinetic energy, as we add heat, what I could draw a gazillion more,īut I think you get the point that we're forming this kind Kinetic energy? Well, that's temperature. Kinetic energy of this matter is fairly low. And if each of these moleculesĭon't have a lot of kinetic energy. Polar bonds because the molecules themselves Polar bonds that start forming between the particles. But you can kind of seeĪ lattice structure. Hydrogens right there that have their partial positives. Wants to be here because it's got its partial Here, maybe an oxygen wants to hang out there. Just to make the point clear, you have two hydrogens Negative charge, this has a partial positive charge. Interacting with each other within a molecule. Molecules are interacting with each other. State of the whole matter, we actually think about how the Whole lot, then the positive sides of the hydrogens are veryĪttracted to the negative sides of oxygen in Very little kinetic energy, they're not moving around a Molecules, you end up with a slightly positive charge. On the oxygen side of the molecule, you end up with a Lot more time around the oxygen than they do around Oxygen, that it's hogging these electrons. But we know because of theĮlectronegativity, or the relative electronegativity of You can kind of view that hydrogen is contributing anĮlectron and oxygen is contributing an electron onīoth sides of that line. That they're sharing electrons here and here. Said oxygen is a lot more electronegative than Pairs of valence electrons in the oxygen. Kind of fascinating because you can never nail themĭown, I guess is the best way to view them. Makes it solid, and when it's colder, what allows So let's think a little bitĪbout what, at least in the case of water, and the analogy State, you're essentially vapor or steam. People would call ice water, but let's call it When things are colder, relatively colder. And we have this general notion,Īnd I think water is the example that always comes Normally deal with are, things could be a solid, a liquid, For science, comrade!įamiliar with the three states of matter in ourĮveryday world. I only just finished my Honors Chemistry class.anyways, good luck. Again, you'd probably be better off looking this up, I'm not an expert at this. I'd explain further, but I had to look this up, since I'd only known the name of the fifth state of matter, not what it actually is. This occurs when separate atoms are cooled to absolute zero, or zero degrees in Kelvin. Those are the four fundamental states of matter, but there is a fifth state called the Bose-Einstein Condensate. That's how I remember plasma, but I'd look it up to be sure. However, in the presence of an electromagnetic field, plasma can form structures. Physical properties of plasma include the fact that plasma has no shape unless enclosed in a container, similar to a gas. Plasma can be created by exposing a gas to an electromagnetic field and creating ions. Plasma is present in things such as neon lighting and stars, such as the one we call the Sun. There is another state of matter that most people probably know, and that is plasma. If you don't, there's something wrong with you. We probably interact with these every single day. The three that most people know about are solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Various isotopes have since been condensed. Hulet's team subsequently showed the condensate could be stabilized by confinement quantum pressure for up to about 1000 atoms. Lithium has attractive interactions, causing the condensate to be unstable and collapse for all but a few atoms. Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievements.Ī group led by Randall Hulet at Rice University announced a condensate of lithium atoms only one month following the JILA work. Ketterle's condensate had a hundred times more atoms, allowing important results such as the observation of quantum mechanical interference between two different condensates. About four months later, an independent effort led by Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT condensed sodium-23. Phillips the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics) and magnetic evaporative cooling. They cooled a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. The first "pure" Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at JILA on 5 June 1995.
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